Consumer Rights Wiki - User contributions [en]

Class action

2025-06-27T14:05:30Z

I want to live in a world where: Readability.

A [[wikipedia:Class_action|'''class action''']] (or '''class-action lawsuit''') is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a collective civil case against an entity.<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref> European countries use the legal term [[wikipedia:Collective_redress|'''collective redress''']], as they have a different legal framework around these kinds of lawsuits.

In the US, rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated.<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref> When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation.<ref name=":0" /> This article discusses US law except where otherwise specified.

==Requirements==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below.<ref name=":1" />

===Numerosity===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants.<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>

===Commonality===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

===Typicality===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

===Adequacy of the representation===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement, this means that the [[lead plaintiff]] (the person representing the class) has a shared interest in the case. In almost all cases, this requires that the lead plaintiff must be personally affected by the issue.<ref>https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>

==Importance for consumer rights==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

==Obstacles==
===Forced arbitration===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

==Organizations supporting class action==
Note the below organizations are not law firms but can provide support for those seeking to understand or pursue class actions.

===United States===
*[https://www.classaction.org/ ClassAction.org]

===Canada===
*[https://www.cba.org/Publications-Resources/Class-Action-Database Canadian Bar Association - Class Action Database]

===United Kingdom===
*[https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/ Citizens Advice]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

TD Ameritrade

2025-06-27T14:03:31Z

I want to live in a world where: Hyperlinked to class action lawsuit.

{{StubNotice}}
{{InfoboxCompany
|Name=TD Ameritrade|Type=Public|Founded=1975|Industry=Financial Services|Official Website=https://web.archive.org/web/20250000000000*/http://www.tdameritrade.com/|Logo=TD Ameritrade.svg}}
'''[[Wikipedia:TD Ameritrade|TD Ameritrade]]''' was a US-based company providing brokerage and related financial services. The company underwent an acquisition by [[Charles Schwab]] between 2019 and 2020 and completed transition of customer accounts in 2024.

==Incidents==

===Security breaches===
In November 2007, the company disclosed that hackers had breached its systems, gaining access to sensitive client information, including names, Social Security numbers, dates of birth, addresses, phone numbers, and trading activity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Sep 2007 |title=TD Ameritrade Hacked; Customer Info Stolen |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2007/09/14/td-ameritrade-hacked-customer-info-stolen.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 Mar 2025 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kawamoto |first=Dawn |date=14 Sep 2007 |title=TD Ameritrade's 6 million customers hit with security breach |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/td-ameritrades-6-million-customers-hit-with-security-breach/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 Mar 2025 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref> Following a [[class action lawsuit]] in 2011, the company agreed to a settlement, offering compensation ranging from $50 to $2,500 to customers who fell victim to identity theft as a result of the breach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolado |first=Carolina |date=13 Sep 2011 |title=TD Ameritrade Settles Data Breach Suit For Up To $6.5M |url=https://www.law360.com/consumerprotection/articles/271214/td-ameritrade-settles-data-breach-suit-for-up-to-6-5m |url-status=live |access-date=15 Mar 2025 |website=[[Law360]]}}</ref> In 2020, customer login credentials were found being sold on the dark web.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=Kate |last2=Khorram |first2=Yasmin |date=14 Oct 2020 |title=Hackers look to buy brokerage log-ins on the dark web with Robinhood fetching highest prices |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/14/brokerage-log-ins-for-sale-on-dark-web-robinhood-sees-highest-prices-.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 Mar 2025 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>

===Auction rates securities scandal===
In 2009, TD Ameritrade settled a lawsuit that accused the firm of misleading investors by selling them auction-rate securities it touted as safe, short-term investments. The investments, which had been considered safe before the 2008 financial crisis, later became illiquid, making investors' money irretrievable. The firm has agreed to pay $456 million and to buy back all the affected securities at their face value to compensate investors for losses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pepitone |first=Julianne |date=20 Jul 2009 |title=Ameritrade settles securities case for $456M |url=https://money.cnn.com/2009/07/20/news/companies/Schwab_TD_securities_investigation/index.htm |url-status=live |access-date=15 Mar 2025 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Jul 2009 |title=SEC Charges TD Ameritrade for Auction Rate Securities Sales Practices |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2009/2009-163.htm |url-status=live |access-date=15 Mar 2025 |website=[[SEC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Jul 2009 |title=TD Ameritrade Agrees To Auction-Rate Buyback |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/business/21auction.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 Mar 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

===Losses in Reserve funds===
The company and its advisors recommended the investment of cash holdings in a [[wikipedia:Money_market_fund|money market fund]] affiliated with the [[wikipedia:Reserve_Primary_Fund|Reserve Primary Fund]], which gained approximately $1 billion in assets. The company also promoted the Reserve Yield Plus Fund as a safe money market fund, despite it actually being a bond fund. The company received commissions for steering customers toward these funds.

During the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the [[wikipedia:Reserve_Primary_Fund|Reserve Primary Fund]] suffered heavy losses. In September 2008, it dropped below $1 per share, freezing $1 billion in cash belonging to TD Ameritrade clients. The Reserve Yield Plus Fund also declined in value during this period.

These actions led to class-action lawsuits filed by customers and an investigation by the [[wikipedia:U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission|U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)]] into the company's marketing practices.

In 2008, TD Ameritrade agreed to reimburse customers for up to 3% of their losses in the Reserve Primary Fund, with a total cap of $50 million. In 2011, the company settled the SEC case and agreed to pay 1.2¢ per share of the Reserve Yield Plus Fund that was held by its customers, or $10 million in total. The Reserve Yield Plus Fund made its final distribution in 2016, with investors receiving 97 to 98 cents per share, in addition to the compensation provided by TD Ameritrade.<ref>https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-11-02-0810310465-story.html</ref><ref>https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2008-12-16-0812150177-story.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Feb 2011 |title=SEC Charges TD Ameritrade for Failing to Supervise Its Representatives Who Sold Shares of the Reserve Yield Plus Fund |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2011/2011-36.htm |access-date=15 Mar 2025 |website=[[SEC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Feb 2011 |title=SEC Announces $10M Settlement With TD Ameritrade |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sec-announces-10m-settlement-with-td-ameritrade/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 Mar 2025 |website=[[CBS]]}}</ref><ref>https://www.primary-yieldplus-inliquidation.com/lander</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Investment banks]]
[[Category:Online brokerages]]
[[Category:Usury]]
[[Category:Retroactively amended purchase]]

Valve

2025-06-27T14:02:20Z

I want to live in a world where: Hyperlinked to class action lawsuit.

{{InfoboxCompany
| Company = Valve Corporation
| Name = Valve
| Type = Private
| Founded = 1996
| Industry = Digital distribution, software development, hardware engineering
| Official Website = https://valvesoftware.com/
| Logo = Valve_Corporation_Logo.svg
}}[[wikipedia:Valve_Corporation|'''Valve Corporation''']], also known as Valve Software, was founded in 1996 by Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington. It is the owner of the popular digital software distribution service [[Steam]]. Valve additionally develops tools frequently used by various professional and amateur creators, such as Source Filmmaker and the Source Engines.
{{Clear}}
==Legal disputes==
Steam's predominance has led to Valve becoming involved in various legal cases.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)#Legal_disputes</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Dispute Title
!Year started and ended
(if concluded)
!Background Information
!Aftermath
!Related Articles
|-
|''ACCC v. Valve Corporation''<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Mar 2016 |title=Federal Court finds Valve made misleading representations about consumer guarantees |url=https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/federal-court-finds-valve-made-misleading-representations-about-consumer-guarantees |url-status=live |access-date=7 Apr 2025 |website=ACCC}}</ref>
|2014–2016
|During this lawsuit, Valve was found by the Australian Federal Court to have refused to offer refunds for faulty or broken products.
|Users now have the ability to easily refund games they purchased, so long as they follow the refund policy.
|
|-
|''UFC Que Choisir v. Valve Corporation''<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Dec 2024 |title=Tough Times Ahead for Digital Video Game Resellers: French Supreme Court Ruling in UFC Que Choisir v. Valve |url=https://www.foxmandal.in/tough-times-ahead-for-digital-video-game-resellers-french-supreme-court-ruling-in-ufc-que-choisir-v-valve/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 Apr 2025 |website=Fox Mandal}}</ref>
|2015–2019
(still disputed)
|UFC Que Choisir sued Valve on the grounds that users deserved to resell their digital licenses.
|Users in France had the right to resell their digital Steam library, overturned in October 2024.
|
|-
|''McLeod v. Valve Corp.''<ref>https://casetext.com/case/mcleod-v-valve-corp</ref>
|2016
|MacLeod started the first antitrust case against Valve Corp. over the sale of their games.
|Absorbed into another legal dispute; continues to be dismissed within Seattle courts.
|
|-
|''Wolfire Games v. Valve Corp.''<ref>https://casetext.com/case/wolfire-games-llc-v-valve-corp-7</ref>
|2021–2022
|The first notable antitrust case against Valve's unfair market manipulation of their games.
|Absorbed into another dispute/now a [[class action lawsuit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chalk |first=Andy |date=28 Nov 2024 |title=The antitrust lawsuit against Steam is now a class action, and that could have big repercussions for Valve |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/the-antitrust-lawsuit-against-steam-is-now-a-class-action-and-that-could-have-big-repercussions-for-valve/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 Apr 2025 |website=PC Gamer}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Sean Colvin'' (and various others) ''v. Valve Corporation, CD Projekt S.A., CD Projekt, Inc., Ubisoft Entertainment S.A., Ubisoft, Inc., Ubisoft L.A., Inc., kChamp Games, Inc., Rust, LLC, and Devolver Digital, Inc.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Eriq |date=28 Jan 2021 |title=Popular Gaming Platform Accused of Abusing Market Power Through Contracts |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/popular-gaming-platform-accused-of-abusing-market-power-through-contracts-4124057/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 Apr 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>
|2021 - Unfinised
|Five individuals in California sued Valve (among various other publishers) over participating in anti-competitive behavior with the Steam platform, most notably over the sale of games for lesser prices on other platforms.
|Not concluded because of indefinite postponement by Valve.
|
|-
|''Bucher Law PLCC v. Valve Corp.''<ref>https://www.bucherlawfirm.com/valve </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bucher Law Steam Lawsuit |url=https://lawgud.com/lawsuit/bucher-law-steam-lawsuit/ |access-date=7 Apr 2025 |website=LawGud}}</ref><ref>https://www.bucherlawfirm.com/_files/ugd/38f6ef_69ae2fee5c5548538d526669d99be533.pdf</ref>
|C.A. 2021 - Unfinished
|A companion to previous lawsuits against Valve over their anti-competitive monopoly, this time covering consumers over their purchase of games on Steam.
|Not concluded, slowly being arbitrated.
|
|}

==Anti-Consumer Practices==

===Steam users do not own their games (2024)===
[To be worked on] Sources: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chalk |first=Andy |date=11 Oct 2024 |title=Steam's new disclaimer reminds everyone that you don't actually own your games, GOG moves in for the killshot: Its offline installers 'cannot be taken away from you' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/steams-new-disclaimer-reminds-everyone-that-you-dont-actually-own-your-games-gog-moves-in-for-the-killshot-its-offline-installers-cannot-be-taken-away-from-you/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 Apr 2025 |website=PC Gamer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakir |first=Umar |date=11 Oct 2024 |title=Steam now says the ‘game’ you’re buying is really just a license |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/11/24267864/steam-buy-purchase-license-digital-storefront |url-status=live |access-date=7 Apr 2025 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Valve Corporation]]

Ally Financial

2025-06-27T14:00:20Z

I want to live in a world where: Hyperlinked to class action lawsuit.

{{StubNotice}}{{InfoboxCompany
| Name = Ally Financial Inc.
| Type = Public
| Founded = 1919
| Industry = Financial services
| Official Website = http://ally.com
| Logo = Ally Financial Logo.svg
}}
'''[[wikipedia:Ally_Financial|Ally Financial Inc.]]''' is a US-based company offering banking, securities, and other financial services through its subsidiaries such as Ally Bank, Ally Invest Advisers Inc. and [[Ally Invest Securities]] LLC.

==Consumer impact summary==
{{Placeholder box|Overview of concerns that arise from the company's conduct regarding (if applicable):
* User Freedom
* User Privacy
* Business Model
* Market Control}}

==Incidents==

===2013 discrimination settlement===
Due to Ally's discriminatory pricing system, more than 235,000 minority borrowers paid higher interest rates for their auto loans between April 2011 and December 2013. The [[wikipedia:Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau|Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB) and [[wikipedia:United_States_Department_of_Justice|Department of Justice]] (DOJ) ordered the company to pay $18 million in penalties and $80 million in damages to affected borrowers.<ref>https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-and-doj-order-ally-to-pay-80-million-to-consumers-harmed-by-discriminatory-auto-loan-pricing/</ref><ref>https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/harmed-ally-borrowers-have-been-sent-80-million-in-damages/</ref>

===Data breach===
Ally Financial experienced a data breach in April 2024 that revealed the personal data of millions of its clients.<ref>https://news.bloomberglaw.com/ip-law/ally-breach-may-have-leaked-consumer-data-of-billions-suit-says</ref> A [[class action lawsuit]] had been filed by July 2024,<ref>https://www.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/OwensvAllyBanketalDocketNo324cv00811WDNCSep072024CourtDocket?doc_id=X5LVE5J58BA8CP8L7L86STUQPGQ</ref> claiming Ally did not properly secure customers' confidential information, such as Social Security numbers and auto account numbers. The suit also alleged that Ally failed to use computer software available for detecting and warding off cyberattacks, and other measures needed to protect its hardware of the systems. Additionally, customer notifications were sent with long delay.<ref>https://natlawreview.com/article/ally-financial-faces-class-actions-over-data-breach</ref> to Due to this, the stolen personal data was being sold on the dark web.<ref>https://news.bloomberglaw.com/ip-law/ally-breach-may-have-leaked-consumer-data-of-billions-suit-says</ref>
https://www.ally.com/invest/

==See also==

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Ally]]

Sig Sauer

2025-06-27T13:57:14Z

I want to live in a world where: Hyperlinked to class action lawsuit.

{{InfoboxCompany
| Name = {{PAGENAME}}
| Type =Private
| Founded =2007
| Industry =firearms manufacturer
| Official Website =https://www.sigsauer.com/
| Logo =Sig sauer logo.svg.png
}}
'''[[wikipedia:SIG_Sauer|SIG Sauer]]''' is a Swiss brand name of firearms originally manufactured in Neuhausen am Rheinfall. Several sister companies that design and manufacture firearms use the trade name SIG Sauer [ɛs iː ɡeː ˈzaʊ̯ɐ] and it is also a registered brand name. The original company, ''Schweizerische Waggonfabrik'' (SWF), later ''Schweizerische Industrie-Gesellschaft'' (SIG), went through several selloffs, leaving the SIG Sauer brand spread over several companies. The original SIG is now known as SIG Group and no longer has any firearms business.

*The German company was '''SIG Sauer GmbH & Co. KG'''. It was formed in 1976 as a partnership between Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft (SIG) of Switzerland and J.P. Sauer & Sohn of Germany before going defunct in 2020.
*The Swiss company is '''SIG Sauer AG'''. Its predecessor '''SIG Arms AG''' was sold to L&O Holding in western Germany and was first renamed '''SAN Swiss Arms AG''', commonly known as Swiss Arms, and in late 2019 was further renamed '''SIG Sauer AG'''.
*The American company is '''Sig Sauer, Inc''' (stylized as SIG SAUER). Its predecessor '''SIGARMS''' was founded in Virginia in 1985 to import and distribute SIG Sauer firearms into the United States: Its headquarters were moved to New Hampshire in 1990. This company was renamed '''Sig Sauer, Inc.''' in 2007, and since 2000 is organizationally separate from SIG Sauer GmbH.

L&O Holding is the parent company of the Swiss SIG Sauer AG and the American Sig Sauer Inc.

==Consumer-impact summary==

*Sig has been failing to address customer concern to some extent with the safety of their P320 and their M17 model of pistols. these are effectively the same firearm though for the civilian and military markets respectively. this has been brought to court rather frequently and culminated in at least several investigations.
*A 2023 investigation by ''The Washington Post'' and ''The Trace'' found more than 100 people who say their P320 discharged with no trigger pressure; at least 80 of them were wounded as a result. At least 35 of the shootings are purported to have occurred with either post-2017 P320s with the updated design intended to address the drop firing problem, or older ones which had been updated by SIG Sauer.
*the striker assembly for the P320 has a part that was designed to be stamped, though initial models were mimmed to save on costs

==Incidents==
This is a list of all consumer-protection incidents this company is involved in. Any incidents not mentioned here can be found in the [[:Category:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}} category]].
===Sheperis v. Sig Sauer, Inc. (''2017'')===
*[[wikipedia:SIG_Sauer_P320#Sheperis_v._Sig_Sauer,_Inc.|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P320#Sheperis_v._Sig_Sauer,_Inc.]] (settled in 2018, on the grounds that the issue was rectified via voluntary trigger upgrade )
Short summary of the incident (could be the same as the summary preceding the article).
===Hartley, et al. v. Sig Sauer, Inc. (''2018'')===
*[[wikipedia:SIG_Sauer_P320#Hartley,_et_al._v._Sig_Sauer,_Inc.|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P320#Hartley,_et_al._v._Sig_Sauer,_Inc.]]([[class action]] suit in February 2020, extended the voluntary trigger upgrade program and made Sig Sauer reimburse people whose firearms were unrepairable/were charged for the voluntary trigger upgrade. A class action settlement form is available on the SIG Sauer website.)

==Products==
{{Main|[[wikipedia:SIG_Sauer#Products|SIG Sauer#Products]]}}
*SIG Sauer P320

==See also==

*https://www.dailyitem.com/wire/more-law-enforcement-agencies-reconsider-use-of-popular-sig-sauer-p320-handgun/article_c5280ff1-5777-5309-80ea-9348fd73e99c.html
*https://concealednation.org/2025/03/sig-sauer-p320-lawsuit-dismissed/

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P320#Lawsuits_regarding_P320 Lawsuits regarding P320 on Wikipedia]

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]

Hisense H9G Smart TV

2025-06-27T13:55:14Z

I want to live in a world where: Hyperlinked to class action lawsuit.

{{InfoboxProductLine
| Title = {{PAGENAME}}
| Release Year =2020
| Product Type =Smart TV
| In Production =No
| Official Website =None found
| Logo =Hisense H9G.jpg
}}

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' was manufactured and sold by Hisense between 2020 and 2023. During that time, it was considered the company's flagship model, and still retails at $1,400 on Amazon as of February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delaney |first=John R. |date=17 Aug 2020 |title=Hisense 65H9G Quantum Series Review |url=https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/hisense-65h9g-quantum-series?test_uuid=02LlF0iWKsilxYTJVF8uH5y&test_variant=B |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=PCMag}}</ref> The H9G Smart TV runs off of Android TV operating system and had quite good ratings on internet review sites. Canadian models of this product were called Q9G.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tozzi |first=Alexander |last2=Di Giovanni |first2=Nicholas |last3=Khong |first3=Yannick |date=11 Nov 2020 |title=Hisense H9G TV Review |url=https://www.rtings.com/tv/reviews/hisense/h9g |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=RTINGS.com}}</ref>

==Consumer impact summary==
Hisense failed to offer recourse to consumers whose smart TVs broke due to faulty manufacturing. Where OEM replacement parts could have been provided or recalls could have been issued, Hisense instead forced its customers to waste their time, effort, and money to safely dispose of the 55"/65" TVs.

==Incidents==
Any incidents not mentioned here can be found in the [[:Category:{{PAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}} category]].

The model H9G/Q9G smart TVs were manufactured using a SK hynix chip on their main board. According to Youtuber Salem Techsperts, a batch of these chips provided to Hisense were defective, causing thousands of smart TVs to fail in the same manner: a bootloading loop.<ref>{{Cite web |last=@SalemTechsperts |date=9 Apr 2024 |title=Why are TV's so disposable? Hisense WiFi / storage full bootloop #tech #pc #technology #shorts |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MkmLH-uOwI |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Hisense did not recall the product and provided no recourse for customers who, in some cases, had their TV break within two years of purchase.<ref>{{Cite web |last=@ThatIrishGuy74 |title=H9G main Board problems |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Hisense/comments/s9ap2d/h9g_main_board_problems/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[Reddit]]}}</ref> Hisense also made replacement main boards unavailable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=270342 Hisense Main Board |url=https://hisense.encompass.com/item/12583046/Hisense/270342/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[Hisense]]}}</ref> OEM SK hynix H26M41204HPR chips could not be found online.

On September 26, 2024, Matthew Deyell filed a [[class action lawsuit]] against Hisense USA Corp for "concealing a known defect and failing to repair or reimburse affected consumers." The lawsuit alleges similar causes and effects occur in "2019-present Hisense 4K Android smart TVs, including the H8, H9, H65, U6, U8, and A6 series," none of which are currently offered on Hisense's website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 Nov 2024 |title=Hisense’s Smart TV Disaster: The Class Action Lawsuit You Need to Know About |url=https://www.lawinc.com/hisense-smart-tv-class-action-lawsuit |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.lawinc.com}}</ref><ref>[https://www.hisense-usa.com/televisions/all-tvs?filter=%255B%257B%2522id%2522%253A10%252C%2522type%2522%253A%2522CF%2522%252C%2522values%2522%253A%255B%2522Android%2520TV%2522%255D%257D%255D Android TVs] - Hisense USA</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Articles in need of additional work]]
[[Category:Hisense H9G Smart TV]]

US Bureau of Consumer Protection

2025-01-19T23:42:43Z

I want to live in a world where: Added a basic introduction.

{{StubNotice}}

The Bureau of Consumer Protection is a bureau of the [[Federal Trade Commission]].

Its mandate is to "protect consumers against unfair, deceptive or fraudulent practices."<ref name=":0">https://www.ftc.gov/about-ftc/bureaus-offices</ref>

The FTC website says the following about the bureau, "The Bureau enforces a variety of consumer protection laws enacted by Congress, as well as trade regulation rules issued by the Commission. Its actions include individual company and industry-wide investigations, administrative and federal court litigation, rulemaking proceedings, and consumer and business education. In addition, the Bureau contributes to the Commission's on-going efforts to inform Congress and other government entities of the impact that proposed actions could have on consumers."<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references/>

Class action

2025-01-19T20:46:59Z

I want to live in a world where: Clarification of a sentence.

A class action (or class action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries. This article discusses US law except where otherwise specified.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement, this means that the [[lead plaintiff]] (the person representing the class) has a shared interest in the case. In almost all cases, this requires that the lead plaintiff must be personally affected by the issue<ref>https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== Organisations supporting class action ==
Note the below organisations are not law firms but can provide support for those seeking to understand or pursue class actions.

=== United States ===
* [https://www.classaction.org/ ClassAction.org]

=== Canada ===
* [https://www.cba.org/Publications-Resources/Class-Action-Database Canadian Bar Association - Class Action Database]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/ Citizens Advice]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T20:44:54Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Organisations supporting class action */ Added link to organisation for Canada.

A class action (or class action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement, this means that the [[lead plaintiff]] (the person representing the class) has a shared interest in the case. In almost all cases, this requires that the lead plaintiff must be personally affected by the issue<ref>https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== Organisations supporting class action ==
Note the below organisations are not law firms but can provide support for those seeking to understand or pursue class actions.

=== United States ===
* [https://www.classaction.org/ ClassAction.org]

=== Canada ===
* [https://www.cba.org/Publications-Resources/Class-Action-Database Canadian Bar Association - Class Action Database]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/ Citizens Advice]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Bambu Lab Authorization Control System

2025-01-19T19:19:58Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Comparisons to similar practices by other companies */ Added link without changing content.

On January 16, 2025, the 3D-printer manufacturer [[:wikipedia:Bambu Lab|Bambu Lab]] announced that future firmwares for their 3D printers would introduce an authorization and authentication protection mechanism for their connection and control, in the name of security. Bambu has stated the following:<blockquote>''"This change is mitigating any risk of remote hacks or printer exposure issues that have happened in the past and also lower the risk of abnormal traffic or attacks."''<ref>https://blog.bambulab.com/firmware-update-introducing-new-authorization-control-system-2/</ref><ref>https://all3dp.com/4/bambu-lab-limits-third-party-printer-control-with-new-security-update/</ref></blockquote>

== Controversy regarding firmware updates ==
[[File:Bambu tos screenshot.png|alt=bambu terms stating print jobs may not function properly if update is not performed to new firmware which is highly limiting. |thumb|Bambu terms regarding printer functionality & potential for disrupted print jobs if users do not update to a new firmware that radically restricts the autonomy of the owner of the printer]]

=== Potential for remote disabling of printers ===
A significant concern raised by the community revolves around the wording in Bambu Lab's [[Terms of Service]] and firmware update announcements. Critics and users argue that the phrasing leaves open the possibility for the manufacturer to remotely disable printers that are not updated to the latest firmware. Specifically, Bambu Lab's Terms of Service<ref>https://bambulab.com/en-us/policies/terms</ref> states that printers may block "new print jobs" if updates are not applied, which some users interpret as a potential pathway for forced obsolescence.<ref>https://blog.bambulab.com/firmware-update-introducing-new-authorization-control-system-2/</ref> The announcement, however, specifically says, "'''What happens if I never upgrade to this firmware?''' ''You may continue using an older firmware version that does not include the new security updates; however, this means the printers may miss out on important security fixes or bug patches included in newer versions.''"<ref>https://blog.bambulab.com/firmware-update-introducing-new-authorization-control-system-2/</ref>

While defenders of Bambu Lab point out that offline modes such as SD-card printing and LAN-only setups would remain functional, others point out that the Terms of Service do not explicitly limit this restriction to cloud-based printing. This ambiguity has led to speculation that Bambu Lab could enforce broader limitations, effectively rendering printers inoperable for users who choose not to update.<ref>https://old.reddit.com/r/BambuLab/comments/1i45iy2/bambu_lab_reserves_the_right_to_brick_your/</ref>

=== Debate over "bricking" terminology ===
The debate has also extended to the definition of "bricking." Some community members assert that if a printer is unable to accept new print jobs without an update, it effectively becomes non-functional and qualifies as being "bricked." Others counter that as long as certain offline functionalities remain (such as SD-card printing) the term does not accurately apply.<ref>https://old.reddit.com/r/BambuLab/comments/1i45iy2/bambu_lab_reserves_the_right_to_brick_your/m7sezlg/</ref>

=== Community Strategies to Deal with Risks ===
Users have discussed strategies to avoid possible disruptions, including:
* Operating printers exclusively in offline modes.
* Utilizing LAN connections or VPN setups: this requires an access key from the printer (previously, you could use your cloud credentials over LAN).
* Exploring alternative firmware or third-party scripts to restore full functionality<ref>https://old.reddit.com/r/BambuLab/comments/1i45iy2/bambu_lab_reserves_the_right_to_brick_your/m7t8i7r/</ref>.

== Bambu Lab's justification and rebuttal ==
Bambu Lab has stated that the authorization system is in place in order to protect against "remote hacks," "printer exposure," and "abnormal traffic or attacks." There are, however, several ways to mitigate these risks without the loss of user control that their system causes:

* '''The "remote hacks" that were cited as an example in the article seem to be a direct result of the 3D-printer vendor not responding properly to a reported security vulnerability in their product.<ref>[https://www.bitdefender.com/en-au/blog/hotforsecurity/someone-is-hacking-3d-printers-to-warn-owners-of-a-security-flaw?ref=blog.bambulab.com https://www.bitdefender.com/en-au/blog/hotforsecurity/someone-is-hacking-3d-printers-to-warn-owners-of-a-security-flaw]</ref> Therefore, in order to get attention, the researcher decided to infect machines and display a harmless message to spread publicity.''' Properly responding to security vulnerabilities, working to patch them quickly, and working with the security community (who would be more than happy to help secure products) would be some ways to prevent this.
* In the article cited about printer exposure, the hack was carried out largely because of user misconfiguration.<ref>[https://www.csoonline.com/article/566223/over-3700-exposed-3d-printers-open-to-remote-attackers.html?ref=blog.bambulab.com https://www.csoonline.com/article/566223/over-3700-exposed-3d-printers-open-to-remote-attackers.html]</ref> Printer exposure can be mitigated by offering more convenient ways to securely expose printers to the internet, so that users are not tempted to allow unauthenticated access over the network.
* The "abnormal traffic" can be mitigated by steps Bambu has already put in place, as detailed in their own article on the matter<ref>[https://wiki.bambulab.com/en/security-incidents-cloud-traffic?ref=blog.bambulab.com https://wiki.bambulab.com/en/security-incidents-cloud-traffic]</ref>.

== Issues with LAN mode requiring authorization ==

Bambu Lab printers have the ability to be controlled over both cloud and LAN. This allowed users to integrate their printers into private networks and maintain full control without having to rely on the manufacturer's server while also allowing cloud access. The new authorization system mandates that even LAN-based operations must go through an authentication process using Bambu Connect to retain full control.<ref>https://wiki.bambulab.com/en/software/bambu-connect</ref> Full local access is still possible and unchanged for those not using the cloud.

This change has drawn criticism for many reasons:
* '''Privacy concerns''': Requiring authentication for LAN mode raises concerns about data being unnecessarily exposed to Bambu Lab's servers, even for local-only operations, though previously, the printer was also connected and could be controlled by the cloud even when sending prints locally.
* '''Loss of offline independence while also using cloud''': Before, users could have hybrid offline setups. The requirement for authentication removes this option unless users revert to older firmware versions, which Bambu does not allow people to do once they have updated to the firmware using the new scheme.
* '''Increased complexity''': The added authentication layer complicates workflows for users who built custom setups or relied on third-party integrations for LAN control while retaining cloud functionality<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/full-non-cloud-based-network-option-needed/3643</ref>.

=== Precedents and comparisons ===
Critics have likened this potential functionality to similar cases in other industries where manufacturers remotely restrict product features. Notable examples include [[HP]]'s printer firmware updates that [[HP Instant Ink|rendered third-party ink cartridges unusable]] and Tesla's software locks on second-hand vehicles. These parallels suggest a broader trend of manufacturers [[Retroactively amended purchase|using software to control hardware capabilities post-purchase]].<ref>https://www.classaction.org/hp-printer-lawsuit</ref><ref>https://www.wired.com/story/tesla-remote-disable-used-car-features/</ref>

== Implementation Timeline and Requirements ==

The authorization system will be rolled out in phases, starting with the X1 series printers. A beta firmware (version 01.08.03.00) was released on January 17, 2025, with the full release scheduled for January 23, 2025. The P & A series printers will get similar updates at an unspecified future date.

To use printers with the new authorization system, users must update multiple pieces of software:
* Bambu Studio must be updated to version 01.10.02.64 or higher
* Bambu Handy mobile app must be updated to version 2.17.0 or higher
* The new Bambu Connect application must be installed for using third-party slicers

These software updates are mandatory for users who update their firmware. Failing to update all components simultaneously will result in certain printer controls becoming unusable. Users who choose to maintain third-party software compatibility can continue using older firmware versions, though this will not be an option for new printers, which will ship with the authorization system pre-installed.

Bambu Lab states these coordinated updates are necessary because the new authorization system fundamentally changes how the printer validates and accepts commands. The older versions of Bambu Studio and Bambu Handy lack the authentication mechanisms required to interact with printers running the new firmware. The Bambu Connect application was created specifically to provide a controlled interface for third-party software, replacing the previous direct access through network plugins<ref>https://blog.bambulab.com/firmware-update-introducing-new-authorization-control-system-2/</ref>.

== Impact on third-party integration and user choice ==

=== Changes to third-party access ===
The new authorization system replaces direct network API access with a more limited URL-based interface through Bambu Connect. Third-party software can only interact with the printer by sending specific URL commands to Bambu Connect<ref>https://wiki.bambulab.com/en/software/bambu-connect</ref>. The interface requires three parameters:

* <code>path</code>: The absolute file system path to the 3MF file (e.g., /tmp/cube.gcode.3mf)
* <code>name</code>: The name of the file (e.g., Cube)
* <code>version</code>: A fixed value of 1.0.0 for compatibility

A complete command must be formatted as:<blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text">
bambu-connect://import-file?path=%2Ftmp%2Fcube.gcode.3mf&name=Cube&version=1.0.0
</syntaxhighlight></blockquote>This interface only allows basic file transfer and print initiation. All other printer-control functions previously available to third-party software are now exclusive to Bambu's own applications. The path and name parameters must be URL-encoded using encodeURIComponent or equivalent functions<ref>https://wiki.bambulab.com/en/software/bambu-connect</ref>.

=== Reduced home-automation capabilities ===
While basic status monitoring remains available (e.g., print-progress updates in Home Assistant), the new firmware removes the ability for home-automation systems to control printer functions. Users can no longer:
* Start or stop prints remotely using Home Assistant, BTT Panda Touch,<ref name=":0">https://www.facebook.com/BIGTREETECH/posts/pfbid0SNZGxvf7NRdmyVgHf6y9yNedNbU2RrCfdT8gugTSD4AYfr5BHneNF9H1EbwyYiJEl</ref> or other third-party accessories or software interfaces
* Control printer temperatures or cooling
* Automate printer behaviors based on sensor data or events
* Access camera feeds through third-party applications<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/this-new-auth-system-will-make-me-sell-my-printers/135400/9</ref>

=== Permanent nature of the update ===
Once a printer is updated to the new firmware, users cannot revert to previous versions that allows full control of the printer using LAN mode access key while signed into the cloud<ref>https://blog.bambulab.com/firmware-update-introducing-new-authorization-control-system-2/</ref>. The option still exists to disable the cloud service.

The manufacturer states this change is required for security, but community members note that many of the security vulnerabilities being addressed stem from Bambu's own cloud-centric design choices rather than inherent risks of local network control<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/bambu-studio-1-10-2-public-beta/134549/12</ref>. The update forces users into using Bambu Connect middleware if they want to retain cloud functionality.

This can be characterised as a significant post-purchase reduction in functionality for existing owners who bought their printers with the understanding they could use third-party software and home-automation tools, but also only affects users actively choosing to use Bambu Cloud at the same time. The inability to revert these changes, combined with the mandatory nature of the update for new printers, is used to demonstrate how manufacturers can use software updates to unilaterally modify the capabilities of hardware products after purchase, although in this case the changes affect only people already choosing to use the cloud service<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/full-non-cloud-based-network-option-needed/3643/9</ref>.

For users that would want to use a third-party slicer while using their cloud service, Bambu would require those users to download and install Bambu Connect in order to send gcode wirelessly over LAN or over the cloud. While Bambu claims that they were in contact with SoftFever, the developer of OrcaSlicer, as of writing, SoftFever still does not have any keys for Bambu Connect and the new firmware is only available as opt-in beta at the moment.<ref name=":1">https://x.com/fever_soft/status/1880630570809795034?t=qJyh4SGFZFllcYrqexGW-Q&s=19</ref>

== Impact on functionality ==
While some functionality remains unauthenticated like in previous firmware versions (sending status information from the printer over the network, starting a print job using SD cards), the most important features now require authentication through a new closed-source client called Bambu Connect<ref>https://wiki.bambulab.com/en/software/bambu-connect</ref>. These restricted features include:

* Initializing prints via LAN or cloud mode
* Remote video access to monitor prints
* Controlling motion system, temperature, fans
* AMS settings and calibrations
* Home automation integration beyond basic status monitoring

Previously, third-party software such as OrcaSlicer<ref>https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/issues/8063</ref> could interact with Bambu Lab printers via the open-source Bambu Studio and proprietary network plug-ins. While Bambu Connect provides a limited URL-based API to initiate prints, most functionality previously openly available is now restricted to Bambu's ecosystem<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/this-new-auth-system-will-make-me-sell-my-printers/135400/9</ref>.

Previously, third-party accessories such as Panda Touch would allow users to control their printers with a standalone device. Panda Touch was especially popular amongst P series printer owners since P series printers contain a monochromatic screen with a D-pad by default for printer control whereas Panda Touch is a full-color touch screen that had a small battery so that way users could reposition and detach their Panda Touch off their printers if needed. Users would be able to queue up jobs, jog printer motors, and connect to multiple printers at once in order to monitor print jobs. According to Big Tree Tech (BTT), the manufacturer of the Panda Touch, they urge users of Panda Touch not to update firmware any further since doing so would foreseeably permanently break compatibility with users' printers and their Panda Touch. <ref name=":0" />

== Communication with Panda Touch developers ==

As of writing, no formal communication has happened between Big Tree Tech (BTT), the manufacturer and developer of Panda Touch, and Bambu Labs. Based on their Facebook announcement, BTT stated that they have reached out to Bambu and will update if Bambu responds to their correspondence. <ref name=":0" />

== Communication with OrcaSlicer developers ==

Before the official announcement of the new authorization and authentication, Bambu Lab engaged with the OrcaSlicer development team regarding the changes. This communication has sparked significant discussion within the 3D-printing community, particularly regarding its timing, tone, and implications.

=== Pre-announcement contact ===
Reports from OrcaSlicer demonstrate that Bambu Lab provided limited advance notice of the changes that would render their software incompatible with Bambu printers running the new firmware. The communication emphasized:
* The introduction of Bambu Connect as the only supported method for interacting with third-party slicers.
* The discontinuation of the network plugin API that OrcaSlicer and other tools relied on for printer control.<ref>https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/issues/8063</ref>
* An invitation for OrcaSlicer developers to adapt their software to integrate with the Bambu Connect URL scheme.

The communication lacked the detailed technical documentation that would be necessary for developers to be able to work with the new requirements.

=== How the community viewed these actions ===
This approach has been interpreted by many as a calculated move by Bambu Lab to enforce tighter control over its ecosystem. Primary criticisms of Bambu were:
* '''Lack of transparency''': The limited warning to OrcaSlicer devs suggests that Bambu Lab prioritized internal rollout schedules over community engagement with existing customers. Point to the contrary: The new firmware is in beta and Bambu Connect middleware contains temporary compomises to allow third-party slicers to work as before.
* '''Lack of follow-through:''' As of writing, SoftFever, OrcaSlicer's lead developer, still does not have API keys for Bambu Connect, a necessary layer of Bambu software that would need to be integrated into OrcaSlicer. Bambu's original announcement prominently mentioned OrcaSlicer and gave the impression that Bambu is actively providing the necessary assets so that SoftFever would be able to implement the new software architecture so that OrcaSlicer users are able to still use OrcaSlicer to send gcode to their printers without needing Bambu Connect to be installed as a separate program. The lack of active cooperation does not reflect favorably upon Bambu as it seems like their announcement used OrcaSlicer's name to try to make it seem like Bambu is trying its best to make sure that developers have what they need, but in reality, their inaction seems to show that Bambu is not making a sincere attempt to ensure that OrcaSlicer remains supported. <ref name=":1" />
* '''Disregard for open-source collaboration''': OrcaSlicer is widely used in the community; it is an open-source effort to improve the 3D-printing experience for all customers. By abruptly altering the compatibility landscape, Bambu Lab is seen as undermining good-faith initiatives to improve the ecosystem for everyone. The decision to restrict network APIs in favor of proprietary systems such as Bambu Connect represents a broader industry trend of closing off ecosystems that were once open, removing customer choice, privacy, and freedom.
* '''Token support for third-party tools''': While Bambu Connect provides a workaround for third-party slicer use, it significantly restricts functionality and complicates workflows, leading many to question the sincerity of Bambu's stated support for open-source tools.<ref>https://wiki.bambulab.com/en/software/bambu-connect</ref>
* '''Power imbalance''': As the hardware manufacturer, Bambu Lab has the ability to dictate how its products can be used; often to the detriment of third-party developers and users.
== Community-driven workarounds and technical alternatives ==

The 3D-printing community has begun exploring potential workarounds to restore functionality and user autonomy. These efforts focus on bypassing or mitigating the limitations imposed by the firmware update.

=== Custom firmware development ===
Discussions within the community highlight interest in developing custom firmware as an alternative to Bambu's official updates. One prominent project mentioned in forums is the development of custom firmware for the X1-series printers, such as the "X1Plus Custom Firmware."<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/bambu-studio-1-10-2-public-beta/134549/12</ref> This firmware aims to:
* Restore direct network control and third-party slicer compatibility.
* Re-enable previously available features such as motion-system adjustments, temperature control, and AMS settings without requiring proprietary software.
* Provide users with greater flexibility in integrating printers with home-automation systems and workflows.

However, custom firmware development faces significant challenges, including:
* Limited documentation and proprietary hardware components, which complicate reverse-engineering efforts.
* The potential voiding of warranties and risks of bricking devices.
* Legal concerns regarding intellectual property and bypassing manufacturer-imposed restrictions.

== LAN mode and blocked internet access ==
This is a guide made by the user Tzeny15

https://www.reddit.com/r/BambuLab/comments/1i4vp5i/comment/this/

== Reverse Engineering Bambu Connect ==
{{:Reverse Engineering Bambu Connect}}

''[[Reverse_Engineering_Bambu_Connect|Read more here.]]''

== Community tools and scripts ==
In addition to firmware alternatives, some users have come up with custom scripts and software tools to interface with Bambu Lab printers indirectly. These tools often rely on:
* Reverse-engineering the URL-based commands required by Bambu Connect to enable partial functionality with third-party slicers like OrcaSlicer.
* Creating local server emulations to replicate the network API previously available before the update.

While these tools provide temporary solutions, they don't fully replace the open ecosystem that existed prior to the authorization update.

=== Re-engineering printer-control electronics ===
ChazLayyd's Bambu Lab Klipper Conversion project is currently in an incomplete stage<ref>https://github.com/ChazLayyd/Bambu-Lab-Klipper-Conversion</ref><ref>DhazLayyd's Discord Community

https://discord.gg/W6B5mBejuC</ref>. While the project was not made in response to Bambu's announcement, there has been a wave of new public interest in this specific project. ChazLayyd's documentation instructs P1S owners to non-destructively remove the old control electronics that run Bambu's proprietary software and instructs P1S owners to install off-the-shelf control components so that the existing motor connectors and other critical electronics can communicate with the newly-installed off-the-shelf control components.

=== Advocacy for open-ecosystem support ===
Community members have also organized to advocate for open-source support and rollback options. Suggestions include:
* Allowing an opt-out option for existing users who prefer local network control without cloud dependency.
** It should be pointed out that this has always been possible and past firmware updates made signing into the cloud at any point completely unnecessary. This information continues to be ignored by some.
* Providing an official API for third-party slicers under specific licensing agreements that allow secure authorized usage.<ref>https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/issues/8063</ref>
== Bambu corporate strategy vs maker community values==

=== Impact on professional users and print farms ===
The restrictions imposed by the new authorization system create significant operational challenges for professional users who kept their printers signed into the cloud:

* Print farms can no longer use custom automation systems to manage multiple printers
* Workflows built around third-party software have to be completely redesigned
* The requirement to manually export and import files through Bambu Connect creates additional labor
* Integration with existing business systems and workflows becomes more difficult or impossible
* Professional users with more than 20 printers report the new workflow as "an absolute nightmare"<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/this-new-auth-system-will-make-me-sell-my-printers/135400/4</ref>
The solution to the above is not to sign the printer into the cloud. Keeping the printer signed in would be a security oversight in this use case on the part of the print farm.

=== Privacy and data-collection concerns ===

The shift toward mandatory use of Bambu's software ecosystem raises several privacy and data collection concerns:

* All printer operations must now pass through Bambu's cloud infrastructure when using cloud mode
* User print data, including file names and print settings, becomes visible to Bambu when cloud is used
* Camera feeds and operational data are processed through Bambu's servers while on a different network
* Users have limited visibility into how their data is collected, stored, and used in the cloud
* The system creates dependence on Bambu's cloud services availability for basic printer functionality<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/full-non-cloud-based-network-option-needed/3643/9</ref>

While Bambu Lab maintains that cloud processing is necessary for security and functionality, community members argue this represents unnecessary data collection that could be handled locally.<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/bambu-studio-1-10-2-public-beta/134549/12</ref> The company's cloud infrastructure costs are significant, leading some users to speculate that future monetization of the cloud services may be planned.<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/full-non-cloud-based-network-option-needed/3643/5</ref> Therefore, people should assess if their use case mandates the use of the cloud service and disable it when it doesn't.

This shift from local control to cloud-dependent operation is part of a broader trend in consumer devices, where manufacturers use security concerns to justify increased data collection and reduced customer control over devices they bought and paid for. Privacy-conscious users should operate their printers in LAN-only mode to avoid cloud connectivity.

== Customer reactions ==

Customer reactions have been overwhelmingly negative.<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/bambu-studio-1-10-2-public-beta/134549/4</ref><ref>https://old.reddit.com/r/BambuLab/comments/1i2psvz/firmware_update_introducing_new_authorization/</ref> Bambu Lab has historically pushed cloud-based printer interaction while offering limited LAN mode functionality.<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/full-non-cloud-based-network-option-needed/3643/9</ref> Many customers argue that the security issues this locked-down firmware claims to address are actually consequences of the company's cloud-based design choices rather than inherent risks of local network control,<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/bambu-studio-1-10-2-public-beta/134549/12</ref> which continues to infuriate users who are now told that security is the justification for a loss of freedom. As a result of the announcement of the shift, customer ratings on sites like Trustpilot rapidly dropped,<ref>https://www.trustpilot.com/review/bambulab.com?sort=recency</ref> with many reviews citing the restrictions as the reason for the bad reviews.

The shift raises privacy concerns as user print data, including file names, print settings, and camera feeds, must now pass through Bambu's cloud infrastructure.

Many community members and customers ask whether the significant costs of maintaining and deploying this cloud infrastructure might lead to future monetization of these now-mandatory services,<ref>https://forum.bambulab.com/t/full-non-cloud-based-network-option-needed/3643/5</ref> with subscriptions required for features that once worked with local access.

It should be noted, however, that so far '''no changes have been made or indicated for those not using the cloud service'''. Past firmware updates made it possible to avoid using the cloud service completely by allowing pairing the slicer via IP address and access key and doing offline firmware updates without having to sign the printer into the service, not even temporarily, keeping local functionality unchanged.

== Comparisons to similar practices by other companies ==

Bambu Lab's new authorization and authentication requirements have been compared to a number of practices by traditional printer manufacturers, such as [[HP]] or [[Epson]], who have also faced backlash around their handling of [[digital-rights management]] (DRM){{Citation needed}}. These comparisons address:
* '''Forced updates''': Firmware updates have rendered third-party ink cartridges incompatible, forcing users to purchase proprietary consumables.
* '''Restricted features''': Scanner/printer combos that will not scan if the ink is empty.
* '''Consumer backlash''': Users criticized these updates as anti-consumer, with some pursuing [[class action lawsuit|class-action lawsuits]] for deceptive practices.<ref>https://www.classaction.org/hp-printer-lawsuit</ref>

Like 2D printers, Bambu Lab's update restricts functionality previously available to users and pushes them toward proprietary software and cloud-based control.

A parallel specific to the 3D-printing industry can also be drawn from the now-defunct 3D-printer manufacturer [[MakerBot]], whose shift from open-source, DIY-focused machines in 2012 to closed-source, proprietary machines (similarly to Bambu Labs), ultimately drove customers to less-expensive, open-source competitors.<ref>https://hackaday.com/2016/04/28/the-makerbot-obituary/</ref> MakerBot was also accused of asserting ownership over publicly available, open-source designs uploaded to its 3D print repository, Thingiverse.<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2014/05/28/makerbot-responds-to-critics-who-claim-it-is-stealing-community-ip/</ref> These factors contributed to MakerBot steadily losing their position and reputation as an industry leader, before getting absorbed by rival Ultimaker in 2022.

== References ==

<references/>
[[Category:Bambu Lab]]

Discord

2025-01-19T19:17:53Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Freedom */ Added link without changing content.

{{ToneWarning}}

{{InfoboxProductLine
| Title = Discord
| Release Year = 2015
| Product Type = Messaging/VoIP Platform
| In Production = Yes
| Official Website = https://discord.com
| Logo = Discord.svg|thumb|The logo for Discord
}}
Discord is a proprietary VoIP and instant messaging platform developed by Discord Inc. (formerly Hammer & Chisel). Launched in 2015, the service has grown to over 150 million monthly active users as of 2025. While primarily marketed toward gamers, Discord has expanded to serve various communities and use cases<ref name="about-company">[https://discord.com/company/ "About Discord | Our Mission and Values"]. April 15, 2024. ''Discord''. Retrieved January 16, 2025.</ref>.

== Consumer Protection Summary ==

==== Privacy ====
* {{HoverImportant}} Collects extensive user data including messages, voice communications, and server participation<ref name="privacy-policy">[https://discord.com/privacy/ "Discord Privacy Policy"]. April 15, 2024. ''Discord''. Retrieved January 16, 2025.</ref>
* {{HoverImportant}} Claims broad rights to user-generated content through terms of service<ref name="terms-of-service">[https://discord.com/terms/ "Discord's Terms of Service"]. April 15, 2024. ''Discord''. Retrieved January 16, 2025.</ref>
* {{HoverImportant}} May store deleted messages for undefined periods<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Retains personal information until deemed "no longer needed" with unclear retention periods<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Processes user content for safety features and platform improvement<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Shares data with related companies, vendors, and third-party service providers<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Uses behavioral tracking across platform features for personalization<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Maintains logs of IP addresses and device information<ref name="privacy-policy"/>

==== Transparency ====
* {{HoverImportant}} Unclear processes for handling law enforcement requests<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* {{HoverImportant}} Vague about specific data retention time frames<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Privacy policy written in relatively clear language compared to industry standards<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Provides clear community guidelines with defined enforcement procedures<ref name="community-guidelines">[https://discord.com/guidelines/ "Discord Community Guidelines"]. April 15, 2024. ''Discord''. Retrieved January 16, 2025.</ref>
* Limited transparency regarding content moderation decisions<ref name="community-guidelines"/>
* Server ban appeals process lacks transparency<ref name="community-guidelines"/>
* Limited disclosure of recommendation algorithm factors<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* No clear disclosure of how content is used for platform improvement<ref name="privacy-policy"/>

==== Freedom ====
* {{HoverImportant}} Mandatory [[Forced Arbitration|binding arbitration]] with [[class action]] waiver for U.S. users (Started May 15, 2024)<ref name="terms-of-service"/>
* {{HoverImportant}} Users grant perpetual, transferable license to their content<ref name="terms-of-service"/>
* Users must accept broad terms of service that allow unilateral changes<ref name="terms-of-service"/>
* Can terminate accounts without prior notice at Discord's discretion<ref name="terms-of-service"/>
* No option to opt-out of core data collection while using the service<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Content may be retained by Discord even after deletion<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Server owners have limited recourse if their servers are banned<ref name="terms-of-service"/>
* Forced to use Discord's payment processing for all monetary transactions<ref name="terms-of-service"/>

== Consumer Protection Incidents ==

==== FTC Data Collection Investigation (Sep. 2024) ====
In September 2024, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] released a comprehensive report examining Discord's data collection practices as part of a broader investigation into social media platforms<ref>[https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/Social-Media-6b-Report-9-11-2024.pdf "A Look Behind the Screens: Examining the Data Practices of Social Media and Video Streaming Services"]. September 2024. ''Federal Trade Commission''. Retrieved January 16, 2025.</ref>.

The investigation revealed Discord collects extensive user data, including:
* Message content and metadata
* Voice chat participation
* Server membership and activity
* Device and location information

Particular concern was raised about:
* Collection of data from users under 13
* Handling of minor user information
* Inadequate age verification systems

The FTC identified multiple areas where Discord's practices put users at risk:
* Identity theft exposure
* Potential stalking risks
* Discrimination concerns
* Mental health and emotional impact

The FTC concluded that Discord's data practices created unacceptable risks for users, particularly minors, and called for significant reforms to the platform's privacy protection measures<ref>Tolentino, Daysia (September 19, 2024). [https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/social-media-companies-engaged-vast-surveillance-ftc-finds-calling-sta-rcna171814 "Social media companies engaged in 'vast surveillance,' FTC finds, calling status quo 'unacceptable'"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved January 16, 2025.</ref>.

==== Introduction of Forced Arbitration (Mar. 2024) ====
In March 2024, Discord users were notified via email that [[Forced Arbitration|forced arbitration]] would be added to the [[Terms of Service|terms of service]] on April 15, 2024. Users could opt out by sending an 'opt-out notice' to arbitration-opt-out@discord.com within 30 days of April 15, 2024 or registration of their first account.<ref name="terms-of-service"/>

==== Child Safety Concerns (Jun. 2023) ====
An [[NBC News]] investigation in June 2023<ref>Goggin, Ben (June 21, 2023). [https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/discord-child-safety-social-platform-challenges-rcna89769 "Child predators are using Discord, a popular app among teens, for sextortion and abductions"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved January 16, 2025.</ref> uncovered widespread child safety issues on Discord, revealing systematic problems with the platform's user protection measures.

35 separate cases were identified where adults were criminally charged with "kidnapping, grooming, or sexual assault" involving contacts initiated through Discord. Additionally, 165 criminal prosecutions involving the sharing of child sexual exploitation material on the platform were documented.

Discord stated they had increased safety measures, including:
* Enhanced age verification systems
* Improved automated detection tools
* Increased moderation staff

Despite these measures, investigations showed continuing vulnerabilities in Discord's youth protection systems<ref>Winston, Ali (March 15, 2024). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250101094320/https://www.wired.com/story/764-com-child-predator-network/ "There Are Dark Corners of the Internet. Then There's 764"]. ''WIRED''. Archived from the original on January 1, 2025. Retrieved January 16, 2025.</ref>.

==== Fined for GDPR Violations (Nov. 2022) ====
In November 2022, France's privacy regulator [[CNIL]] imposed an €800,000 fine on Discord for multiple GDPR violations<ref>Brunoli, Joseph (November 18, 2022). [https://www.techzine.eu/news/privacy-compliance/94722/france-fines-discord-e800000-for-privacy-infractions/ "France fines Discord €800,000 for privacy infractions"]. ''Techzine Europe''. Retrieved January 16, 2025.</ref> that demonstrated systematic privacy protection failures:
* Background Process Violation: The application continued running in the background after users attempted to close it, collecting data without user awareness or consent.
* Voice Chat Privacy Issue: The platform failed to properly disconnect users from voice chats after session termination, potentially exposing private communications.
* Security Standards Violation: Discord allowed users to create passwords with as few as six characters, falling below accepted security standards for protecting user accounts.
* Data Protection Failures: The investigation revealed broader systematic failures in Discord's approach to user privacy protection and data handling.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Products]][[Category:Companies]][[Category:Online Services Companies]]

Quidd

2025-01-19T19:16:37Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Implications */ Added link without changing content.

[[File:Quidd.svg|thumb|right]]
'''Quidd''' was a privately held American collectible app founded in 2016 by Michael Bramlage and Erich Wood.<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/company/quidd-inc</ref> According to their LinkedIn, the app had 19 employees, over 8 million users and represented 325 brands as collectible digital stickers. In 2017, the app was #1 in search and #5 in the App Store's entertainment category.<ref>https://x.com/quidd/status/918843147429564416</ref> In 2019, the company would be bought by the Hong Kong-based company Animoca Brands, who would move the 2.1 billion individually serialized digital collectibles on the blockchain.<ref>https://venturebeat.com/business/animoca-brands-buys-quidd-for-up-to-8-million-as-it-moves-into-blockchain-collectibles/</ref> In 2022, the company would introduce "Mintables", which let users turn their stickers into NFTs<ref name="A2022">https://blockchain.news/news/quidd-launches-new-platform-mintablesenabling-users-to-mint-digital-collectibles-into-nfts</ref> and convert them into Etherium.<ref>https://x.com/mbram/status/1638599791490768909</ref> These brands included Dr. Seuss<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2021/12/22/this-dapper-labs-backed-company-is-turning-dr-seuss-characters-into-nft-trading-cards/</ref>, L.O.L Suprise<ref>https://finance.yahoo.com/news/mga-entertainment-partners-quidd-l-120000526.html</ref>, Disney<ref>https://www.newswire.com/news/bare-tree-media-and-quidd-team-up-to-offer-digital-collectibles-for-21714386</ref>, Spongebob<ref>https://x.com/mbram/status/1708162937871835631</ref>, Rick and Morty<ref name="A2022" />, and others.

==Data breach==
In 2019, the Quidd portal was hacked, exposing 4 million user accounts.<ref>https://cybersecuritynews.com/4-million-quidd/</ref> The information in these accounts included usernames, email addresses, and passwords from the hacked accounts. The data was made for sale in October of that year.

==Sudden closure of service==
===Incident===
[[File:Quidd App Pop-up message.PNG|thumb|right|200px|alt=|The message given to users starting January 3.]]
{{Quote|It is with a heavy heart that we share the news of Quidd’s closure. Since our beginning, we have been honored to build a space where collectors, artists, and enthusiasts could come together to celebrate the vibrant world of digital collectibles. Your creativity, passion, and unwavering support have been the heartbeat of Quidd, and for that, we are forever grateful.

Every interaction, every piece of art, and every collaboration has left an indelible mark on us, filling us with both gratitude and inspiration. It has been our privilege to witness the incredible community you’ve built—a testament to your shared love for creativity and innovation.

As of today, January 3, 2025, all transactions and services on Quidd will cease. Between now and January 31, 2025, you may request the withdrawal of your cash deposit funds by clicking the ‘Request Withdrawal’ button below.

We understand this news may be difficult, and we are here to support you during this transition. If you have any questions or need assistance, please don’t hesitate to contact us at support@myquidd.com. We also encourage you to visit our website and follow our social channels for the latest updates, as the Quidd app will no longer be available.

In regards to your collections, we are currently reviewing options and plan to have an update shortly.

To every member of the Quidd community: thank you for allowing us to be a part of your journey. We will cherish the memories we’ve created together.

'''With heartfelt gratitude,'''

''The Quidd Team''}}

On January 3, 2025, the app would receive an unclosable pop-up stating "Quidd is closing its doors. Please go to market.onquidd.com for more information". On their website, they do not state a reason for the closure, but rather they thanked the users for utilizing the service and tell users to withdraw their funds manually.<ref>https://market.onquidd.com/</ref> At the time, users could only log into the website and withdraw their current funds from their accounts, which did not include total collection value or sales.<ref>https://x.com/ssymes101/status/1875358003639284012</ref> Interestingly, rather than giving an early announcement about the closure on December 23, Quidd released a Betty Boops Holiday Magic collection set.<ref>https://x.com/quidd/status/1871267200008421877</ref> However, on December 20, the Twitter/X account stated "Quidd offices will be closed for the holidays from December 20, 2024, to January 2, 2025".<ref>https://x.com/quidd/status/1870192787737526622</ref>

On January 4, Quidd announced that they are working with POP Culture, Inc. to preserve user collections.<ref>https://x.com/quidd/status/1875652152590545369</ref> Users would have to manually fill a Google Form with their email and Quidd username to have the ability to save their collection.<ref>https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfuoNA6c20z934i9rwoVKYtULX_kmP1cT3yVUK7rbeRnLu24Q/viewform</ref> Many users took this announcement as empty promises<ref>https://x.com/Joe22367619/status/1875655325430509816</ref> and requested previous functionality, such as minting and selling.<ref>https://x.com/Dogstar3c/status/1875741590008033765</ref><ref>https://x.com/s1vh/status/1877675184364114392</ref>

===Implications===
Before the shutdown, users could buy and sell NFT collectibles on the Quidd marketplace for virtual currency, which could be exchanged for real money through a cash account.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240915231810/https://intercom.help/quidd/en/collections/2696326-cash-account</ref> In addition, it was alleged the founder Micheal Bramlage promised users before the 2019 acquisition that users could keep their collections even if the service closes.<ref>https://x.com/Ayyee38/status/1875339313501843827</ref> In the past, collectibles would be sold for as high as $255-$500 each depending on their "rarity".<ref>https://x.com/quidd/status/1367685868455092225</ref> In the first week of March 2021, over $53,000 worth of withdrawals were processed.<ref>https://x.com/quidd/status/1371110813398937613</ref>

With their announcement on Twitter/X, users compared this behavior from Quidd to a "[https://www.coinbase.com/learn/tips-and-tutorials/what-is-a-rug-pull-and-how-to-avoid-it rug pull]".<ref>https://x.com/spencer_hames/status/1877188802642325972</ref> In addition, many users warned Quidd of a [[class action lawsuit]].<ref>https://x.com/Lex_407/status/1875563383279472987</ref>

==Terms of Service==
According to a Quidd operator, the terms allow Quidd to take away collections from users without reason.<ref>https://x.com/millerflip89/status/1876974310406885844</ref> This can be confirmed with the latest revision of the terms (July 14, 2020) in the "Quidd Disclaimers and Limitation of Liability" section, where Quidd will only refund users a maximum of $100 for damages or lost profits.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240909141011/https://quidd.co/terms</ref> Most importantly, Quidd states that users "do not own the Virtual Coins or the Virtual Goods that are exchanged using the App" but rather have a "limited license" to their collections and coins.

==Privacy Policy==
The privacy policy states that Quidd can collect information on your device, including the operating system, processor information, MAC address, location, network type, language, and time spent on certain pages.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20241207061804/https://quidd.co/privacy</ref> There are also mentions of sharing user analytic data with third-party companies.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Online Services Companies]]

Wyze

2025-01-19T19:14:39Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Terms of Use */ Added link without changing content.

== Wyze Cloud Security Camera Breach ==

=== Incident ===
On two separate occasions from September 2023 to February 2024, Wyze personal security cameras were able to be accessed by other owners due to security failures.

In early September 2023, many Wyze security camera users reported being able to see the feeds of cameras that were not their own. A Wyze spokesperson reported this was due to a "web caching issue and is now resolved." Users throughout social media platforms such as Twitter and Reddit reported this issue and within 30 minutes, the camera view portal was shut down.<ref name=":0">https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/8/23865255/wyze-security-camera-feeds-web-view-issue</ref>

In late February 2024, after bringing servers back from a company outage, about 13,000<ref name=":1">https://www.reddit.com/r/wyzecam/comments/1aulfw4/i_was_watched_by_someone/</ref> users were able to view thumbnails from another users cameras with about 1,500<ref name=":1" /> being able to view the video.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkZl7FBipXA</ref><ref>https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/20/tech/wyze-breach-camera/index.html</ref>

=== Implications ===
Security cameras are a tool used by those looking for companies to make resources to protect them. These incidents show Wyze security cameras did not have the capabilities to protect their users. [https://www.theverge.com/ The Verge] reports Wyze was aware of security flaws in the WyzeCam v1 cameras for more than 4 years but discontinued the product rather than fixing the issue.<ref name=":0" /> Discontinuing the product does not help those who already own the product, and it is the nature of cloud cameras that the consumer must trust companies to deliver the proper security patches to protect their private information.
== "Bait and Switch" style behavior ==
When Wyze and Wyze v2 cameras were popularized in 2018 and prior, they were sold under the premise that 24h recording or infinitely long video clips are a subscription add-on, but short video clips would be included for free using their cloud service.

Sometime between 2020 and 2022 this video clip service became a subscription for $1.99 per camera<ref>https://forums.wyze.com/t/bait-and-switch/221810</ref>

Likely in an attempt to prevent legal action, they released a "cam plus lite" package<ref>https://www.wyze.com/pages/cam-plus-lite</ref>, but enabling this feature is buried in menus and sub-menus in the website. To date there's no way to enable it in the phone app which is the main way users access their cameras. Users can however use the phone app to pay monthly for the same or similar service.

== Terms of Use ==

* Wyze's terms include [[Forced Arbitration|forced arbitration]], and a waiver of [[class action]] and jury trial<ref>Wyze Terms of Use: https://www.wyze.com/policies/terms-of-service#l Section 12</ref>.
* They may suspend or terminate your use of the product at any time and claim they're not responsible if this causes financial loss.
* Wyze may either stop providing software updates, or do automatic software updates without consent. The only alternative is to cease using the product.

== Citations ==
[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Online Services Companies]]

PayPal Honey

2025-01-19T19:10:58Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Content Creator Lawsuits (Dec. 2024) */ Added link without changing content.

{{InfoboxProductLine
| Title = PayPal Honey
| Release Year = 2012
| Product Type = Browser Extension
| In Production = Yes
| Official Website = https://www.joinhoney.com
| Logo = PayPal_Honey.svg|thumb|The logo for PayPal Honey, formerly "Honey"
}}
Honey (now PayPal Honey) is a browser extension and platform owned by [[PayPal|PayPal Holdings, Inc.]] since its acquisition for $4 billion in 2020.<ref>Perez, Sarah (November 20, 2019). [https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/20/paypal-to-acquire-shopping-and-rewards-platform-honey-for-4-billion/ "PayPal to acquire shopping and rewards platform Honey for $4B"]. ''TechCrunch''. Retrieved January 15, 2025.</ref> The service, launched in 2012, is primarily known for its browser extension that automatically searches for and applies discount codes during online shopping checkout processes. The company is headquartered in Los Angeles, California.<ref>Metcalf, Tom; Verhage, Julie (January 28, 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201209044201/https://www.bloombergquint.com/onweb/coupon-duo-now-worth-1-5-billion-after-honey-s-sale-to-paypal "Coupon Duo Now Worth $1.5 Billion After Honey's Sale to PayPal"]. ''BloombergQuint''. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2025.</ref>

== Consumer Protection Summary ==

==== Privacy ====
* {{HoverImportant}} Collects extensive personal identifiers including name, email, IP address, and device IDs<ref name="privacy-policy">[https://www.joinhoney.com/privacy "PayPal Honey Privacy Statement"]. ''PayPal Honey''. October 28, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2025.</ref>
* {{HoverImportant}} Retains data for up to 10 years after account closure<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* {{HoverImportant}} Shares data with PayPal companies and merchant partners<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Tracks detailed shopping behavior, including purchases, returns, and browsing patterns<ref name="privacy-policy"/>
* Creates inference profiles based on shopping patterns and preferences<ref name="privacy-policy"/>

==== Transparency ====
* {{HoverImportant}} Undisclosed manipulation of affiliate marketing links<ref name="megalag-video">MegaLag (December 21, 2024). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vc4yL3YTwWk "Exposing the Honey Influencer Scam"]. ''YouTube''. Retrieved January 15, 2025.</ref><ref name="techopedia-article">Fernandez, Ray (December 24, 2024). [https://www.techopedia.com/paypal-honey-accused-of-fraud "Is PayPal's Honey Misleading Users? We Investigate"]. ''Techopedia''. Retrieved January 15, 2025.</ref>
* {{HoverImportant}} Hidden redirect mechanisms affecting commissions<ref name="megalag-video"/><ref name="techopedia-article"/>
* {{HoverImportant}} Selective display of coupon codes based on undisclosed partner agreements<ref name="megalag-video"/><ref name="techopedia-article"/>
* {{HoverImportant}} Subject to multiple ongoing class action lawsuits regarding deceptive practices<ref name="wendover-v-paypal">[https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69503243/9/wendover-productions-llc-v-paypal-inc/ "Wendover Productions, LLC v. PayPal Inc, 5:24-cv-09470, (N.D. Cal.)"]. ''courtlistener.com''. Free Law Project. Retrieved January 15, 2025.</ref><ref name="gamersnexus-v-paypal-holdings">[https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69517397/gamersnexus-llc-v-paypal-holdings-inc/ "GamersNexus, LLC v. PayPal Holdings, Inc., 5:25-cv-00114, (N.D. Cal.)"]. ''courtlistener.com''. Free Law Project. Retrieved January 15, 2025.</ref>

==== Freedom ====
* {{HoverImportant}} Consumer choice restricted by intentionally hidden discounts and deals<ref name="megalag-video"/><ref name="techopedia-article"/>
* {{HoverImportant}} Mandatory acceptance of arbitration clause with class action waiver<ref name="terms-of-use">[https://www.joinhoney.com/terms "Terms of Use"]. ''PayPal Honey''. January 16, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2025.</ref>
* No user control over partner-privileged discount system<ref name="megalag-video"/><ref name="techopedia-article"/>
* Service can be terminated at PayPal's discretion without notice<ref name="terms-of-use"/>
* Users forced to accept terms modifications without direct notification<ref name="terms-of-use"/>

== Consumer Protection Incidents ==

==== Content Creator Lawsuits (Dec. 2024) ====

In December 2024, a [[class action lawsuit]] was filed against [[PayPal, Inc.]] by [[Wendover Productions, LLC]] alleging that Honey manipulated affiliate marketing links without proper disclosure or compensation. The suits claim Honey replaced legitimate affiliate links with their own, even when no coupons were found for users. This practice allegedly impacted both content creators and consumers who intended to support specific affiliates.<ref name="wendover-v-paypal"/>

[[Gamers Nexus, LLC]] later filed a class action suit against [[PayPal Holdings, Inc.]] in January 2025 highlighting the same issues.<ref name="gamersnexus-v-paypal-holdings"/>

==== Affiliate Tampering Controversy (Dec. 2024) ====
In December 2024, investigations revealed that Honey was engaging in systematic manipulation of affiliate marketing links. The investigations found that when users clicked on content creators' affiliate links and subsequently used Honey during checkout, the extension would:

* Delete the original affiliate's tracking cookie
* Replace it with Honey's own affiliate cookie via a hidden redirect tab
* Claim the commission that was intended for the original content creator
This practice is an example of "cookie stuffing," where a dishonest affiliate injects their own affiliate cookie without the user's knowledge.<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/laguna-niguel-man-receives-fifteen-month-prison-term-defrauding-ebay Laguna Niguel Man Receives Fifteen-Month Prison Term For Defrauding eBay] ''U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of California''. August 4, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2025.</ref>

Additionally, contrary to marketing claims about finding "the best deals," Honey was found to have agreements with partner stores allowing them to control which coupon codes appeared through the extension. This meant stores could hide better discounts while only showing Honey users lower-value coupons. The practice directly contradicted years of marketing claims that promised users they would "always get the best deal possible."<ref name="megalag-video"/>

Simon Wijckmans, CEO of c/side, noted that "When users purchased via an affiliate link with Honey installed, commissions intended for creators were redirected to Honey. Additionally, Honey misrepresented deals as the best discounts while partnering with companies to hide better offers."<ref name="techopedia-article"/>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:PayPal]][[Category:Products]]

Class action lawsuit

2025-01-19T19:08:59Z

I want to live in a world where: Created redirect to avoid tedious link work.

#REDIRECT [[Class action]]

Class action

2025-01-19T19:07:35Z

I want to live in a world where: Removed incorrect redirect.

A class action (or class action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement, this means that the [[lead plaintiff]] (the person representing the class) has a shared interest in the case. In almost all cases, this requires that the lead plaintiff must be personally affected by the issue<ref>https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== Organisations supporting class action ==
Note the below organisations are not law firms but can provide support for those seeking to understand class actions.

=== United States ===
* [https://www.classaction.org/ ClassAction.org]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/ Citizens Advice]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Honey browser plugin controversy

2025-01-19T19:04:51Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Victim Group 3: Online Marketing Affiliates (often, "Content Creators") */ Added link to class action without changing content.

= The Honey Browser Controversy =

== Quick Introduction & Background: ==
* CapitalOne faces a nearly identical lawsuit for the same practices. It appears as though this may be an “industry standard” predatory tactic that is more pervasive across coupon extensions en masse which may merit its own page. It may be the case that '''most''' coupon-searching browser extensions behave identically in this regard.

Honey is owned by PayPal and was recently featured in a few online investigations for their business practices.

It is a tool that you can install to your [[wikipedia:Web_browser|web browser]] (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Safari, etc.) and it states to work by “searching the web” to find you the best coupon code available for an item a person with the extension is shopping for online.

'''Honey states''' that it works by looking at the checkout page of an online store and searches the internet to find a coupon code for that website, finding and testing discount codes for your item, and states that if it can’t find one, it doesn’t exist on the internet.

However, Honey has been found to often not find the best coupons and deals for its users.

== Victim Group 1: The Consumers ==
Honey promises consumers that they will “search the web” for the “best deals available”. What they actually do in practice is search '''their own databases''' (lists of coupons) for coupon codes. In some cases, Honey finds a code and tells the end-user. There is no guarantee, however, that Honey actually found that user the “best” discount code. On some occasions, Honey does manage to find discount codes that business owners never meant to make publicly available. More often than not, however, Honey will “search the web” and tell the end user ‘sorry, there are no eligible coupon codes we could find’. This level of inconsistency makes it hard to trust Honey to do the job they promise to do. Further searches for lawsuits with similar claims leads to a very similar suit against Capital One regarding similar practices, contributing to what may be a pattern among these "coupon finding" browser extensions.

== Victim Group 2: Business Owners & Digital Storefronts ==
Additionally, PayPal offers business owners a program where they can partner with Honey, for a monthly fee (PayPal makes money). Business owners who choose to pay this “protection money” receive a guarantee that Honey will only show the discount codes the business wants them to show. There are documented instances of business owners finding what they thought were 'private' or 'one-time' discount codes being used by Honey users, building a strong incentive to "formally partner" with Honey and give PayPal their protection racket.


In a layman comparison, this is like somebody walking into a sporting goods store and saying, “Hey, if you pay me $19.00 a month, I’ll have someone make sure your customers only ever see sale tags that you want them to see. If you don’t, I’m going to have those same guys look through your entire inventory, all day, every day, and tell customers exactly how they can pay you as little as possible”.

== Victim Group 3: Online Marketing Affiliates (often, "Content Creators") ==




Affiliate marketing is a revenue-sharing model in which individuals or entities (affiliates) partner with companies to earn money for advertising goods and services. This is done through the use of personalized links to track which affiliate sent which customer to an online store. If the customer makes a purchase using an affiliate link, the affiliate whose link was used gets a commission on the sale.

Honey will sometimes disrupt this practice by replacing existing affiliate links with their own at the checkout page whenever a customer interacts with the extension in search of coupons. Even when Honey is unable to find a coupon for the customer, it will still frequently replace the affiliate link. When the customer makes their purchase, Honey takes credit for the sale and gets the commission.

The Honey extension was largely advertised via Content Creators on YouTube as well as other social media platforms. Affiliate marketing makes up a significant portion of a Content Creator's revenue. Most of the influencers who promoted Honey were unaware of its practices and thus unknowingly promoted a browser extension that poaches their affiliate revenue. Estimates of "stolen" revenue are upwards of 5 million USD. The discovery of Honey's practices has led to a [[class action lawsuit]] launched by Wendover Productions.

* ''It is this practice in particular that has attracted legal attention, as several of Honey’s victims in this instance are/were attorneys who create content about legal controversies (such as LegalEagle and America’s Attorney). They have documented their view on the lawsuit here: https://honeylawsuit.com/''

== Sources/Links:==

* Link to the formal class action filing: https://dockets.justia.com/docket/california/candce/5:2024cv09470/441974
* Louis Rossmann's video explaining the scandal: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksjzI-8Rz2w
* Original “Breaking” story by creator MegaLag: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vc4yL3YTwWk
* LegalEagle's explanation of their class action lawsuit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H4sScCB1cY

[[Category:PayPal]]
[[Category:Incidents]]

Class action

2025-01-19T19:02:56Z

I want to live in a world where: Added redirection of "class action lawsuit" to class action.

#REDIRECT [[class action lawsuit]]
A class action (or class action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement, this means that the [[lead plaintiff]] (the person representing the class) has a shared interest in the case. In almost all cases, this requires that the lead plaintiff must be personally affected by the issue<ref>https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== Organisations supporting class action ==
Note the below organisations are not law firms but can provide support for those seeking to understand class actions.

=== United States ===
* [https://www.classaction.org/ ClassAction.org]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/ Citizens Advice]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T18:53:30Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Organisations supporting class action */ Fixed external links.

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement, this means that the [[lead plaintiff]] (the person representing the class) has a shared interest in the case. In almost all cases, this requires that the lead plaintiff must be personally affected by the issue<ref>https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== Organisations supporting class action ==
Note the below organisations are not law firms but can provide support for those seeking to understand class actions.

=== United States ===
* [https://www.classaction.org/ ClassAction.org]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/ Citizens Advice]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T18:46:05Z

I want to live in a world where: Added list of organisations.

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement, this means that the [[lead plaintiff]] (the person representing the class) has a shared interest in the case. In almost all cases, this requires that the lead plaintiff must be personally affected by the issue<ref>https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== Organisations supporting class action ==
Note the below organisations are not law firms but can provide support for those seeking to understand class actions.

=== United States ===
* [[https://www.classaction.org/|ClassAction.org]]

=== United Kingdom ===
* [[https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/|Citizens Advice]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Forced arbitration

2025-01-19T17:53:07Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Revocation of Rights */ Typographical.

Forced Arbitration is a practice in which businesses can require their customers to resolve disputes through arbitration, instead of a traditional court system. Per Wikipedia: "Arbitration is a formal method of dispute resolution involving a third party neutral who makes a binding decision."<ref name=":1">[[wikipedia:Arbitration#References|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration]]</ref>

== How it Works ==
Businesses will typically add an arbitration clause to their Terms of Service or Terms of Use. This clause generally outlines how disputes are handled between the consumer and the business. A good example of a typical arbitration clause can be found in Instagram's Terms of Use, which, as of January 6th, 2025, is under Section 7.4 - How We Will Handle Disputes:<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20250106102429/https://help.instagram.com/581066165581870/ (January 6th, 2025) Retrieved January 13th, 2025</ref><blockquote>"Except as provided below, you and we agree that any cause of action, legal claim, or dispute between you and us arising out of or related to these Terms or Instagram ("claim(s)") must be resolved by arbitration on an individual basis. Class actions and class arbitrations are not permitted; you and we may bring a claim only on your own behalf and cannot seek relief that would affect other Instagram users."</blockquote>Currently, in the United States, arbitration clauses such as this one are legal under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA).<ref name=":2">https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2019-title9/html/USCODE-2019-title9.htm</ref> However, efforts have been made to prohibit forced arbitration, most notably the Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal (FAIR) Act of 2023.<ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1376</ref>

== Why It's a Problem ==

=== Revocation of Rights ===
The practice of Forced Arbitration is one that is designed to revoke the rights of the consumer. In this case, the consumer's right to sue or participate in a [[class action]] against a business. Instead, the consumer must work with an arbiter of the businesses' choosing behind closed doors to resolve claims, which is widely believed to result in biased outcomes.

=== Inconvenient Opt-out Procedure ===
Arbitration is often made inconvenient for users to opt-out of. Instead of giving users the option to do so at sign-up digitally, most businesses will require users to send a handwritten letter within 30 days of their sign-up to opt-out of arbitration. This type of opt-out clause can also be seen in Instagram's Terms of Use:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>"You can opt out of this provision within 30 days of the date that you agreed to these Terms. To opt out, you must send your name, residence address, username, email address or phone number you use for your Instagram account, and a clear statement that you want to opt out of this arbitration agreement, and you must send them here:" [Address redacted]</blockquote>

This practice is similar to how gyms will often require members to travel to their location or send snail mail to cancel a membership, while an online system could easily be put in its place.

=== Conflict of Interest ===
Companies track performance of arbitrators over time, and as such, are able to pick arbitrators that lean towards the industry rather than the consumer.<ref name=":1" /> While both the consumer and company theoretically have some control over the selection of the arbitrator, the company generally has an information advantage in the selection process. Furthermore, individual arbitrators have a long-term financial incentive to bias their rulings in favor of corporations, as the corporation is much more likely to become a "repeat customer" than the consumer. In extreme cases, entire arbitration firms may have a material conflict of interest.<ref name=":2" />

== Examples ==
Some examples of arbitration clauses in terms and conditions include:

Instagram Terms of Use - Section 7.4 - How We Will Handle Disputes<ref name=":0" />

Sony PlayStation Network Terms of Service - Section 14 - Binding Individual Arbitration<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20241216114722/https://www.playstation.com/en-us/legal/psn-terms-of-service/ (December 16th, 2024) Retrieved January 13th, 2025</ref>

Ticketmaster Terms of Use - Section 17 - Mandatory Arbitration Agreement and Class Action Waiver<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250105150022/https://help.ticketmaster.com/hc/en-us/articles/10468830739345-Terms-of-Use#section17 https://web.archive.org/web/20250105150022/https://help.ticketmaster.com/hc/en-us/articles/10468830739345-Terms-of-Use] (January 5th, 2025) Retrieved January 13th, 2025</ref>

In Section 27.1 of Zoom's Terms of Service, says "You and Zoom agree that any dispute or claim between you and Zoom arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the Services (a “Dispute”), including any related software, hardware, integrations, advertising or marketing communications, your account, or any aspects of your relationship or transactions with Zoom, will be resolved by binding arbitration, rather than in court." <ref>https://www.zoom.com/en/trust/terms/</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Common terms]]

HP Instant Ink

2025-01-19T17:52:06Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Lawsuit */ Added link without altering text.

{{InfoboxProductLine
| Title = HP Instant Ink
| Release Year = 2013
| Product Type = Subscription Service
| In Production = Yes
| Official Website = https://instantink.hpconnected.com
| Logo = Hp-ii-logo.webp
}}HP Instant Ink is a subscription service launched by [[HP Inc.]] for their printers in late 2013. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220503181925/https://www.therecycler.com/posts/hp-launches-new-instant-ink-programme/ HP launches new Instant Ink programme The Recycler via Internet Archive]</ref> Consumers with compatible printers can choose from five different plans based on their usage volume and receive a set amount of ink each month to cover that usage. The monthly price includes the relevant ink or toner, delivery, and recycling of used cartridges.

In 2024, HP began offering paper as part of the monthly plans, for an additional fee. This was rolled out to countries including the U.S., the UK, metropolitan France, and Germany. <ref>[https://instantink.hpconnected.com/us/en/l/v2/paper HP paper Add-on Service]</ref>

Also in 2024, a new [[HP All-In Plan]], a printer lease program, was announced. This program includes a printer that limits the number of pages you can print, effectively removing the ability to use other cartridges. <ref>[https://www.hp.com/us-en/all-in-plan/printers.html HP All In Plan]</ref> The program offers three different printers, each with various printing plans based on the number of pages to be printed, at different prices.
==== Pricing ====
As of January 2025, the pricing for each tier of the service for customers in the US was as follows:

<div style="display: flex;justify-content: space-around;">

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" |HP Instant Ink
|-
|
!Light
!Occasional
!Moderate
!Frequent
!Business
|-
!'''Pages / Month'''
|10
|50
|100
|300
|700
|-
!'''$US / Month'''
|1.49
|4.99
|6.99
|13.99
|27.99
|-
! colspan="6" |Paper Plan
|-
!'''+$US / Month'''
|0.79
|1.99
|3.49
|5.99
|10.99
|-
!'''Total'''
|2.28
|6.98
|10.48
|19.98
|38.97
|}
</div>

=== Cost Savings ===
HP claims that "most customers save on ink and many save up to 50% compared to buying traditional ink cartridges." <ref>[https://www.hp.com/us-en/printers/instant-ink/faq.html#faq HP Instant Ink FAQ.]</ref> The cost savings are based on the monthly subscription cost of the 700 page/month "Business" plan of the program, and the results are compared to the cost per page to print ISO/IEC 24711 pages on A4 paper in color.

The printers used in the study that led to these findings in the 2022 and 2023 reports <ref>[https://keypointintelligence.com/HPInstantInk Keypoint Intelligence Study]</ref> were all HP branded, and the ink or toner was OEM (i.e. not using third-party inks), as HP notes in their FAQ sections. Comparisons were not made with the XL cartridges, which are cheaper per unit of ink.

=== Cancellation or Alteration of Plans ===

HP Instant Ink can be canceled at any time according to the terms of the service <ref>[https://instantink.hpconnected.com/us/en/terms HP Instant Ink Terms]</ref> with billing stopping at the end of the month. Upon cancellation, all outstanding debts are collected.

The HP All-in program can be canceled for free if done within 30 days of enrolling, and the printer is returned within 10 days of cancellation. However, if the subscription has been maintained for longer than 30 days and less than 24 months, there are additional fees to cancel (as per the FAQ on Jan 13).

At the time of writing, the Basic printer starts at $6.99 per month ($83.88 per year), and cancellation after 30 days but before 12 months will cost $120 in fees. Before 24 months, it would cost $60 in fees. That is 143% and 71% of the per-year cost of this plan, respectively.
=== Lawsuit ===

On July 6, 2021, a [[class action|class action lawsuit]] was filed against HP. <ref>[https://www.classaction.org/media/barnert-v-hp-inc.pdf Barnert v HP Inc.] Case File via classaction.org</ref>

The main allegations made in the suit were:

* HP will block you from using cartridges or ink purchased outside of the program, a fact they do not disclose.
* Cartridges and toners are not always sent on time.
* Sometimes cartridges are faulty on arrival.
* Prepaid return mailers are not always supplied.
* Upon cancellation, you cannot use the remainder of your ink.

In February 2023, HP settled the complaints, and the parties have filed for dismissal. <ref>[https://www.therecycler.com/posts/hp-settles-instant-ink-complaint/ HP settles Instant Ink Complaint]</ref>

=== HP+ ===
HP+ is a free 6 months trial of HP Instant Ink that comes with a new printer. It is optional, but it is extremely easy for a user to activate HP+ during installation.<ref>https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/hp-instant-ink-vs-hp-plus-vs-hp-smart-which-ink-program-saves-you-the-most</ref> After activating HP+, the printer is permanently flashed with updated firmware, which causes the printer to only accept genuine HP-branded consumables.<ref>https://www-dodrukarki-pl.translate.goog/blog/dlaczego-drukarki-z-serii-hp-nie-obsluguja-zamiennikow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=pl&_x_tr_pto=wapp</ref>

All HP printer models ending with an "'''e'''" (for example ''HP OfficeJet 8035'''e''''') support activating HP+.<ref>https://support.shopperplus.com/en/support/solutions/articles/9000227500-hp-printers-models-ending-with-the-letter-e-does-not-recognize-compatible-cartridges</ref> This has the potential to devalue used HP printers in this class, as the previous owner of the printer may have activated HP+, rendering the printer incompatible with cheaper non-OEM replacement ink cartridges/toner.

== References ==

[[Category:Products]]
[[Category:Lawsuits]]
[[Category:Subscription-based services]]

Lead plaintiff

2025-01-19T17:48:02Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Responsibilities */ Typographical.

In a [[class action]], the lead plaintiff is the named individual who files the suit on behalf of all the claimants<ref name=":0">https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Selection ==
The lead plaintiff must be typical of the group they are representing, so they must also be personally affected by the issue the lawsuit is adressing. They will also be expected to be capable of handling the legal work involved.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>

== Responsibilities ==
The lead plaintiff's role is significantly more active and involved than the other members of the "class" (the claimants), as the lead plaintiff must attend hearings and strategy sessions, in addition to consulting with lawyers and expert witnesses<ref name=":0" />.

In addition, the lead plaintiff must review any settlement offered by the defendant and decide whether to accept or proceed to court.

== Compensation ==
To compensate them for the inconveniences and work involved, the court will award the lead plaintiff some amount of compensation if the case is successful.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Lead plaintiff

2025-01-19T17:47:06Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Selection */ Added citations.

In a [[class action]], the lead plaintiff is the named individual who files the suit on behalf of all the claimants<ref name=":0">https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Selection ==
The lead plaintiff must be typical of the group they are representing, so they must also be personally affected by the issue the lawsuit is adressing. They will also be expected to be capable of handling the legal work involved.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>

== Responsibilities ==
The lead plaintiff's role is significantly more active and involved than the other members of the "class" (the claimants), as the lead plaintiff must attend hearings and strategy sessions, in addition to consulting with lawyers and expert witnesses.<ref name=":0" />.

In addition, the lead plaintiff must review any settlement offered by the defendant and decide whether to accept or proceed to court.

== Compensation ==
To compensate them for the inconveniences and work involved, the court will award the lead plaintiff some amount of compensation if the case is successful.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Lead plaintiff

2025-01-19T17:44:47Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Compensation */ Added citation.

In a [[class action]], the lead plaintiff is the named individual who files the suit on behalf of all the claimants<ref name=":0">https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Selection ==
The lead plaintiff must be typical of the group they are representing, so they must also be personally affected by the issue the lawsuit is adressing. They will also be expected to be capable of handling the legal work involved.

== Responsibilities ==
The lead plaintiff's role is significantly more active and involved than the other members of the "class" (the claimants), as the lead plaintiff must attend hearings and strategy sessions, in addition to consulting with lawyers and expert witnesses.<ref name=":0" />.

In addition, the lead plaintiff must review any settlement offered by the defendant and decide whether to accept or proceed to court.

== Compensation ==
To compensate them for the inconveniences and work involved, the court will award the lead plaintiff some amount of compensation if the case is successful.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Lead plaintiff

2025-01-19T17:43:51Z

I want to live in a world where: Added content.

In a [[class action]], the lead plaintiff is the named individual who files the suit on behalf of all the claimants<ref name=":0">https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Selection ==
The lead plaintiff must be typical of the group they are representing, so they must also be personally affected by the issue the lawsuit is adressing. They will also be expected to be capable of handling the legal work involved.

== Responsibilities ==
The lead plaintiff's role is significantly more active and involved than the other members of the "class" (the claimants), as the lead plaintiff must attend hearings and strategy sessions, in addition to consulting with lawyers and expert witnesses.<ref name=":0" />.

In addition, the lead plaintiff must review any settlement offered by the defendant and decide whether to accept or proceed to court.

== Compensation ==
To compensate them for the inconveniences and work involved, the court will award the lead plaintiff some amount of compensation if the case is successful.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Lead plaintiff

2025-01-19T17:36:53Z

I want to live in a world where: Filling out a bit more content and adding subheadings.

Class action

2025-01-19T17:20:58Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Adequacy of the representation */ Capitalisation.

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement, this means that the [[lead plaintiff]] (the person representing the class) has a shared interest in the case. In almost all cases, this requires that the lead plaintiff must be personally affected by the issue<ref>https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Lead plaintiff

2025-01-19T17:13:26Z

I want to live in a world where: Creating a stub

Class action

2025-01-19T16:50:54Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Adequacy of the representation */ Adding explanation and citation.

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement, this means that the [[Lead plaintiff]] (the person representing the class) has a shared interest in the case. In almost all cases, this requires that the lead plaintiff must be personally affected by the issue<ref>https://www.classaction.org/blog/what-does-it-mean-to-be-the-lead-plaintiff-in-a-class-action-lawsuit</ref>.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T16:24:23Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Typicality */ Added explanation.

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement, this means that the class action's claim actually represents the claims of its members.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T16:19:23Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Forced arbitration */ Wording and clarity.

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
Companies can include [[forced arbitration]] clauses in their terms and conditions to protect themselves from many kinds of lawsuits. These clauses often restrict customers from participating in class actions.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T15:22:24Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Commonality */ Added explanation.

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement. This means that the class has a common case to be made against the defendant, either regarding what has occurred or the way it was unlawful.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
[[Forced arbitration]] clauses can restrict individuals from participating in class actions.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T15:14:20Z

I want to live in a world where: Adding further detail on the requirements of a class action

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity<ref name=":0">https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>. Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits one or more parties to "sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf" of all those similarly situated<ref name=":1">https://charlestonlaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=1255231&p=9195720</ref>.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation<ref name=":0" />.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Requirements ==
A class action must meet all requirements under Rule 23(a) to be legally valid. The four requirements are listed below<ref name=":1" />.

=== Numerosity ===
<blockquote>(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable"</blockquote/>

Known as the "numerosity" requirement, this means that it would be not be manageable for the court to handle every claimant as a full legal participant in the suit. Numerosity is presumed at 40 or more claimants<ref>https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/class-action-rule-23-a-prerequisites-standards-chart-2d-cir</ref>.

=== Commonality ===
<blockquote>(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class</blockquote>

Known as the "commonality" requirement.

=== Typicality ===
<blockquote>(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "typicality" requirement.

=== Adequacy of the representation ===
<blockquote>(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class</blockquote>

Known as the "adequacy of representation" requirement.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
[[Forced arbitration]] clauses can restrict individuals from participating in class actions.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T14:47:49Z

I want to live in a world where: Fixing citation

Class action

2025-01-19T14:43:38Z

I want to live in a world where: Adding citations

Class action

2025-01-19T14:38:52Z

I want to live in a world where: Adding citations

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity.<ref>https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/classaction.asp</ref>

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
[[Forced arbitration]] clauses can restrict individuals from participating in class actions.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T12:46:12Z

I want to live in a world where:

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Importance for consumer rights ==
Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice on a widespread issue.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
[[Forced arbitration]] clauses can restrict individuals from participating in class actions.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T12:36:33Z

I want to live in a world where: Added mention of interplay with forced arbitration.

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity.

Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== Obstacles ==
=== Forced arbitration ===
[[Forced arbitration]] clauses can restrict individuals from participating in class actions.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Class action

2025-01-19T12:11:52Z

I want to live in a world where: Created a basic stub for class action page

A class action (or class-action lawsuit) is a type of civil lawsuit that allows a group of individuals (the "class") to make a unified, collective civil case against an entity.

Class actions are of particular importance for upholding consumer rights, as they allow claimants to receive justice when it would be too costly and time-consuming for individuals to separately seek justice.

When a class action succeeds, the class receives compensation, and after legal fees, all members of the class receive a share of the compensation.

Class actions originated in the US but are now recognised in some other jurisdictions, including Canada, the UK, and some European countries.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Common terms]]

Forced arbitration

2025-01-19T11:33:30Z

I want to live in a world where: /* Revocation of Rights */ Added link to class-action page which I'm creating.

Forced Arbitration is a practice in which businesses can require their customers to resolve disputes through arbitration, instead of a traditional court system. Per Wikipedia: "Arbitration is a formal method of dispute resolution involving a third party neutral who makes a binding decision."<ref name=":1">[[wikipedia:Arbitration#References|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration]]</ref>

== How it Works ==
Businesses will typically add an arbitration clause to their Terms of Service or Terms of Use. This clause generally outlines how disputes are handled between the consumer and the business. A good example of a typical arbitration clause can be found in Instagram's Terms of Use, which, as of January 6th, 2025, is under Section 7.4 - How We Will Handle Disputes:<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20250106102429/https://help.instagram.com/581066165581870/ (January 6th, 2025) Retrieved January 13th, 2025</ref><blockquote>"Except as provided below, you and we agree that any cause of action, legal claim, or dispute between you and us arising out of or related to these Terms or Instagram ("claim(s)") must be resolved by arbitration on an individual basis. Class actions and class arbitrations are not permitted; you and we may bring a claim only on your own behalf and cannot seek relief that would affect other Instagram users."</blockquote>Currently, in the United States, arbitration clauses such as this one are legal under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA).<ref name=":2">https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2019-title9/html/USCODE-2019-title9.htm</ref> However, efforts have been made to prohibit forced arbitration, most notably the Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal (FAIR) Act of 2023.<ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1376</ref>

== Why It's a Problem ==

=== Revocation of Rights ===
The practice of Forced Arbitration is one that is designed to revoke the rights of the consumer. In this case, the consumer's right to sue or participate in a [[Class action]] against a business. Instead, the consumer must work with an arbiter of the businesses' choosing behind closed doors to resolve claims, which is widely believed to result in biased outcomes.

=== Inconvenient Opt-out Procedure ===
Arbitration is often made inconvenient for users to opt-out of. Instead of giving users the option to do so at sign-up digitally, most businesses will require users to send a handwritten letter within 30 days of their sign-up to opt-out of arbitration. This type of opt-out clause can also be seen in Instagram's Terms of Use:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>"You can opt out of this provision within 30 days of the date that you agreed to these Terms. To opt out, you must send your name, residence address, username, email address or phone number you use for your Instagram account, and a clear statement that you want to opt out of this arbitration agreement, and you must send them here:" [Address redacted]</blockquote>

This practice is similar to how gyms will often require members to travel to their location or send snail mail to cancel a membership, while an online system could easily be put in its place.

=== Conflict of Interest ===
Companies track performance of arbitrators over time, and as such, are able to pick arbitrators that lean towards the industry rather than the consumer.<ref name=":1" /> While both the consumer and company theoretically have some control over the selection of the arbitrator, the company generally has an information advantage in the selection process. Furthermore, individual arbitrators have a long-term financial incentive to bias their rulings in favor of corporations, as the corporation is much more likely to become a "repeat customer" than the consumer. In extreme cases, entire arbitration firms may have a material conflict of interest.<ref name=":2" />

== Examples ==
Some examples of arbitration clauses in terms and conditions include:

Instagram Terms of Use - Section 7.4 - How We Will Handle Disputes<ref name=":0" />

Sony PlayStation Network Terms of Service - Section 14 - Binding Individual Arbitration<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20241216114722/https://www.playstation.com/en-us/legal/psn-terms-of-service/ (December 16th, 2024) Retrieved January 13th, 2025</ref>

Ticketmaster Terms of Use - Section 17 - Mandatory Arbitration Agreement and Class Action Waiver<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250105150022/https://help.ticketmaster.com/hc/en-us/articles/10468830739345-Terms-of-Use#section17 https://web.archive.org/web/20250105150022/https://help.ticketmaster.com/hc/en-us/articles/10468830739345-Terms-of-Use] (January 5th, 2025) Retrieved January 13th, 2025</ref>

In Section 27.1 of Zoom's Terms of Service, says "You and Zoom agree that any dispute or claim between you and Zoom arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the Services (a “Dispute”), including any related software, hardware, integrations, advertising or marketing communications, your account, or any aspects of your relationship or transactions with Zoom, will be resolved by binding arbitration, rather than in court." <ref>https://www.zoom.com/en/trust/terms/</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Common terms]]